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Demosthenes (Greek: ; 384–322 BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute the last significant expression of Athenian intellectual prowess and provide a thorough insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece. The ''Alexandrian Canon'' compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace recognized Demosthenes as one of the 10 greatest Attic orators and logographers. Cicero acclaimed him as "the perfect orator,"〔Cicero, ''Brutus'', 35〕 while Quintilian extolled him as ''lex orandi'' ("the standard of oratory") and that ''inter omnes unus excellat'' ("he stands alone among all the orators").〔Quintillian, ''Institutiones'', X, 1, 6 and 76〕 ==Manuscript tradition== Demosthenes must have written down and put into circulation most of his orations.〔H. Weil, ''Biography of Demosthenes'', 66〕 In the next generation after his death, texts of his speeches survived in at least two places: Athens and the Library of Alexandria (early-mid third century BC). During this period, Callimachus was responsible for producing the catalogue of all the volumes contained in the Library. Demosthenes' speeches were incorporated into the body of classical Greek literature that was preserved, catalogued and studied by scholars of the Hellenistic period. From then until the fourth century AD copies of his orations multiplied at a time when Demosthenes was deemed the most important writer in the rhetorical world and every serious student of rhetoric needed access to his writings. Texts of his speeches were in a relatively good position to survive the tense period from the sixth until the ninth century AD.〔H. Yunis, ''Demosthenes: On the Crown'', 28〕 Scholars have recorded 258 Byzantine manuscripts of Demosthenes' speeches and 21 of extracts. Modern editions of these speeches are based on four of these manuscripts: *The tenth-century ''Venetus Marcianus 416'' (called ''F''), including the sixty-one orations, which finally survived. The Aldine edition was based on three manuscripts of the same family as F, though not on F itself; so the customary order of the speeches is of this family.〔R. Sealey, ''Demosthenes and His Time'', 222〕 *The tenth- or eleventh-century ''Monacensis Augustanus 485'' (called ''A''), which includes fifty-four speeches. Those omitted are 12, 45, 46, 52, 60 and 61.〔 *The tenth- or eleventh-century ''Parisinus 2935'' (called ''Y''), which includes twenty-nine speeches (1-21, 23, 22, 24-26, 59, 61 and 60 in that order〔). *The tenth- or eleventh-century ''Parisinus 2934'' (called ''S'') considered to be the most reliable by many scholars.〔I. Kalitsounakis, ''Demosthenes'', 958; C.A. Gibson, ''Interpreting a Classic'', 1; K.A. Kapparis, ''Apollodoros against Neaira'', 62. The preference for ''S'' has been challenged by Dieter Irmer (''Zur Genealogie'', 95-99) and defended by Hermann Wankel (R. Sealey, ''Demosthenes and His Time'', 222).〕 It omits item 12 (''Philip's Letter'') but includes the 60 speeches. A facsimile of the codex was published in 1892-93, in Paris, by H. Omont.〔I. Kalitsounakis, ''Demosthenes'', 958; Maurenbrecher-Wagner-Freund, ''Grundzüge'', 176〕 * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 25, a third-century manuscript of ''De Corona''; * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 26, a second-century manuscript of ''Prooimia Demegorica''; * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 230, a second-century manuscript of ''De Corona''; * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 231, a second- or third-century manuscript of ''De Corona''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Works of Demosthenes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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